What Are the Disadvantages of Computer Addiction free essay sample

Fundamentals of block coding

Basics of square coding Theoretical In this paper the essential things of square coding as a kind of forward blunder revision code, just for instance of such a code, are inspected, so as to feature the significance of mistake adjustment in advanced correspondence frameworks. In the initial segment, the hypothesis around mistake rectification codes and types is given unique accentuation on the square codes, their properties and the issues they experience. In the second part the most well known square code, Reed-Solomon code, is talked about alongside its numerical definition and the most widely recognized applications that actualize it. Presentation Over the previous years, there has been an unprecedented improvement in advanced interchanges particularly in the regions of cell phones, PCs, satellites, and PC correspondence. In these advanced correspondence frameworks, information is spoken to as a grouping of 0s and 1s. These parallel bits are communicated as simple sign waveforms and afterward transmitted over a correspondence channel. Correspondence channels, however, actuate obstruction and clamor to the transmitted sign and degenerate it. At the collector, the ruined transmitted sign is regulated back to twofold bits. The got double information is an assessment of the parallel information being transmitted. Bit mistakes may happen on account of the transmission and that number of blunders relies upon the correspondence channels impedance and commotion sum. Divert coding is utilized in advanced interchanges to ensure the computerized information and lessen the quantity of bit blunders brought about by commotion and obstruction. Channel coding is for the most part accomplished by including repetitive bits into the transmitted information. These extra bits permit the discovery and adjustment of the bit blunders in the got data, subsequently giving a considerably more solid transmission. The expense of utilizing channel coding to ensure the transmitted data is a decrease in information move rate or an expansion in transfer speed. 1. FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION BLOCK CODES 1.1 ERROR DETECTION CORRECTION Mistake recognition and remedy are techniques to ensure that data is transmitted blunder free, even across questionable systems or media. Mistake recognition is the capacity to recognize blunders because of commotion, obstruction or different issues to the correspondence channel during transmission from the transmitter to the beneficiary. Mistake rectification is the capacity to, moreover, reproduce the underlying, blunder free data. There are two fundamental conventions of channel coding for a blunder recognition amendment framework: Programmed Repeat-reQuest (ARQ): In this convention, the transmitter, alongside the information, sends a blunder recognition code, that the recipient at that point uses to check if there are mistakes present and demands retransmission of mistaken information, whenever found. As a rule, this solicitation is verifiable. The beneficiary sends back an affirmation of information got effectively, and the transmitter sends again anything not recognized by the collector, as quick as could be expected under the circumstances. Forward Error Correction (FEC): In this convention, the transmitter actualizes a mistake remedying code to the information and sends the coded data. The beneficiary never sends any messages or demands back to the transmitter. It just interprets what it gets into the most probable information. The codes are developed such that it would take a lot of commotion to deceive the recipient deciphering the information wrongly. 1.2 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION (FEC) As referenced above, forward mistake adjustment is an arrangement of controlling the blunders that happen in information transmission, where the sender adds extra data to its messages, otherwise called blunder amendment code. This enables the beneficiary to distinguish and address blunders (halfway) without mentioning extra information from the transmitter. This implies the beneficiary has no constant correspondence with the sender, consequently can't confirm whether a square of information was gotten effectively or not. Thus, the collector must choose about the got transmission and attempt to either fix it or report an alert. The upside of forward mistake revision is that a channel back to the sender isn't required and retransmission of information is generally kept away from (to the detriment, obviously, of higher data transfer capacity necessities). In this way, forward mistake adjustment is utilized in situations where retransmissions are fairly expensive or even difficult to be made. In particular, FEC information is normally actualized to mass stockpiling gadgets, so as to be ensured against debasement to the put away information. Be that as it may, forward mistake association methods include an overwhelming weight the channel by including excess information and postponement. Additionally, many forward blunder amendment techniques don't exactly react to the genuine condition and the weight is there whether required or not. Another incredible inconvenience is the lower information move rate. Be that as it may, FEC strategies diminish the prerequisites for power assortment. For a similar measure of intensity, a lower blunder rate can be accomplished. The correspondence in this circumstance stays basic and the recipient alone has the obligation of mistake recognition and revision. The sender unpredictability is kept away from and is presently totally alloted to the collector. Forward mistake revision gadgets are normally positioned near the recipient, in the initial step of computerized preparing of a simple sign that has been gotten. At the end of the day, forward mistake remedy frameworks are frequently a fundamental piece of the simple to computerized signal transformation activity that additionally contain advanced mapping and demapping, or line coding and translating. Many forward mistake revision coders can likewise deliver a piece blunder rate (BER) signal that can be utilized as input to improve the got simple circuits. Programming controlled calculations, for example, the Viterbi decoder, can get simple information, and yield computerized information. The most extreme number of blunders a forward mistake revision framework can address is at first characterized by the structure of the code, so unique FEC codes are reasonable for various circumstances. The three primary kinds of forward blunder adjustment codes are: Square codes that chip away at fixed length squares (parcels) of images or bits with a predefined size. Square codes can frequently be decoded in polynomial time to their square size. Convolutional codes that deal with image or bit surges of uncertain size. They are normally decoded with the Viterbi calculation, however different calculations are frequently utilized also. Viterbi calculation permits unending ideal disentangling proficiency by expanding restricted length of the convolutional code, however at the expense of incredibly expanding multifaceted nature. A convolutional code can be changed into a square code, if necessary. Interleaving codes that have mitigating properties for blurring channels and function admirably joined with the other two sorts of forward mistake amendment coding. 1.3 BLOCK CODING 1.3.1 OVERVIEW Square coding was the primary sort of divert coding executed in early portable correspondence frameworks. There are numerous sorts of square coding, yet among the most utilized ones the most significant is Reed-Solomon code, that is introduced in the second piece of the coursework, on account of its broad use in well known applications. Hamming, Golay, Multidimensional equality and BCH codes are other notable instances of traditional square coding. The primary component of square coding is that it is a fixed size channel code (in as opposed to source coding plans, for example, Huffman coders, and channel coding strategies as convolutional coding). Utilizing a preset calculation, square coders take a k-digit data word, S and change it into a n-digit codeword, C(s). The square size of such a code will be n. This square is analyzed at the beneficiary, which at that point chooses about the legitimacy of the succession it got. 1.3.2 FORMAL TYPE As referenced above, square codes encode strings taken from a letter set S into codewords by encoding each letter of S autonomously. Assume (k1, k2,, km) is an arrangement of regular numbers that every one not exactly |S| . In the event that S=s1,s2,,sn and a particular word W is composed as W = sk1 sk2 skn , then the codeword that speaks to W, in other words C(W), is: C(W) = C(sk1) C(sk2) C (skm) 1.3.3 HAMMING DISTANCE Hamming Distance is a somewhat noteworthy parameter in square coding. In constant factors, separation is estimated as length, point or vector. In the double field, separation between two twofold words, is estimated by the Hamming separation. Hamming separation is the quantity of various bits between two twofold successions with a similar size. It, essentially, is a proportion of how separated paired articles are. For instance, the Hamming separation between the successions: 101 and 001 is 1 and between the arrangements: 1010100 and 0011001 is 4. Hamming separation is a variable of incredible significance and value in square coding. The information on Hamming separation can decide the capacity of a square code to recognize and address blunders. The most extreme number of blunders a square code can identify is: t = dmin 1, where dmin is the Hamming separation of the codewords. A code with dmin = 3, can identify 1 or 2 piece blunders. So the Hamming separation of a square code is wanted to be as high as conceivable since it legitimately impacts the codes capacity to distinguish bit blunders. This likewise implies so as to have a major Hamming separation, codewords should be bigger, which prompts extra overhead and diminished information bit rate. After discovery, the quantity of blunders that a square code can address is given by: t(int) = (dmin 1)/2 1.3.4 PROBLEMS IN BLOCK CODING Square codes are obliged by the circle pressing issue that has been very critical in the most recent years. This is anything but difficult to picture in two measurements. For instance, on the off chance that somebody takes a few pennies level on the table and push them together, the outcome will be a hexagon design like a honey bees home. Square coding, however, depends on more measurements which can't be envisioned so without any problem. The renowned Golay code, for example, applied in profound space interchanges utilizes 24 measurements. Whenever utilized as a parallel code (whi

Dont Screw Up Your Username

Don’t Screw Up Your Username Tomorrow is, yes, the First of May[?], which means those of you who have decided to join the incoming class have a very crucial choice to make: choosing your MIT username. You may not appreciate yet how big this decision is: your MIT username (also referred to as your Athena or your Kerberos)  will be your login to the computing systems here, itll be your first (and likely primary) email address while youre at MIT, youll have the ability to edit files at http://web.mit.edu/username, and it will likely remain your MIT email address (@alum.mit.edu) after you graduate. In other words, this is for life. Fear not, though. After consulting with many others (as well as compiling from some earlier blog posts), Ive prepared the following list of guidelines: Your username must be between 3 and 8 characters. Avoid numbers and underscores. You are technically allowed to use them, but they arent needed and add confusion and clunkiness to your username. Say your username out loud a few times to check for clunkiness or awkward pronunciations. Its usually  best to go professional.  Your username will appear all over the place: emails, URLs, academic papers, etc. Choose a username that you wont be embarrassed sharing with your professors.â€"Matt McGann 00 Usernames can often become nicknames of a sort for people, so consider whether youd be comfortable being referred to by your username. In some circles on campus, you may become known by your username, so choose wisely.â€"Matt again If you want to go invent a nickname as your usernameâ€"say, [emailprotected]â€"then go for it! Just also make sure youre ready to answer the question Why is your username flipfrog? for the rest of your life. Often the best usernames involve your name. Some common (and excellent) username structures for a hypothetical student named Alyssa P. Hacker: alyssa (Every once in a while these are available, so try it!) hacker ahacker alyssah aphacker aph Note that if you do throw your middle initial in there, you will receive questions about your middle name. Truncating your name into 8 characters can be annoying sometimes. You might not want [emailprotected] if your last name is Richardson, for instance. Just something to keep in mind. If youre still feeling stuck on what to choose, you should know that its easy to make alternate email addresses later, so in general its better to choose a more standard/professional username for your official MIT account. (To make alternate email addresses later, you can set up mailing lists on whose behalf you can send mail and of which you are the only member, thus making it another email address. This isnt hard and means you can own email addresses which are much more ridiculous, like [emailprotected]  or [emailprotected].) Now go forth and think of your username! Just not flipfrog. I already got that one.

Natural Language - Definition and Examples

A natural language is a human language, such as English or Standard Mandarin, as opposed to a  constructed language, an artificial language, a machine language, or the language of formal logic. Also called  ordinary language. The theory of universal grammar proposes that all natural languages have certain underlying rules that shape and limit the structure of the specific grammar for any given language.Natural language processing (also known as computational linguistics) is the scientific study of language from a computational perspective, with a focus on the interactions between natural (human) languages and computers. Observations The term natural language is used in opposition to the terms formal language and artificial language, but the important difference is that natural languages are not actually constructed as artificial languages and they do not actually appear as formal languages. But they are considered and studied as though they were formal languages in principle. Behind the complex and the seemingly chaotic surface of natural languages there are--according to this way of thinking--rules and principles that determine their constitution and functions. . . .(Sà ¶ren Stenlund, Language and Philosophical Problems. Routledge, 1990)Essential Concepts- All languages are systematic. They are governed by a set of interrelated systems that include phonology, graphics (usually), morphology, syntax, lexicon, and semantics.- All natural languages are conventional and arbitrary. They obey rules, such as assigning a particular word to a particular thing or concept. But there is no reason that this particular word was originally assigned to this particular thing or concept.- All natural languages are redundant, meaning that the information in a sentence is signaled in more than one way.- All natural languages change. There are various ways a language can change and various reasons for this change.(C. M. Millward and Mary Hayes, A Biography of the English Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2011)Creativity and EfficiencyThe apparent fact that the number of utterances in  a natural language is  unbounded is one of its more widely remarked upon properties and a core tenet of modern linguistic theory. The classic argument for creativity uses the idea that one can continually add further adjuncts to sentences to establish that there can be no longest sentence and therefore no finite number of sentences (see Chomsky, 1957). . . .This conventional argument for the creativity of natural language is overly strained: who has actually heard a 500-word sentence? In contrast, anyone who studies [natural lang uage] generation has available a far more reasonable and commonsense account of creativity, namely that one continually uses new utterances because one is continually faced with new situations . . .. The counterbalance to creativity is the efficiency of language (Barwise Perry, 1983): the fact that many utterances do reoccur countless times (e.g., Where did you go for dinner last night?).(David D. McDonald, et al., Factors Contributing to Efficiency in Natural Language Generation.  Natural Language Generation, ed. by  Gerard Kempen. Kluwer, 1987)Natural ImprecisionNatural language is the embodiment of human cognition and human intelligence. It is very evident that natural language includes an abundance of vague and indefinite phrases and statements that correspond to imprecision in the underlying cognitive concepts. Terms such as tall, short, hot, and well are extremely difficult to translate into knowledge representation, as required for the reasoning systems under discussion. Without such precision, symbolic manipulation within the computer is bleak, to say the least. However, without the richness of meaning inherent in such phrases, human communication would be severely limited, and it is therefore incumbent on us (to attempt) to include such facility within reasoning systems . . ..(Jay Friedenberg and Gordon Silverman, Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind. SAGE, 2006) See also CommunicationWhat Is Language?

Future of Nursing - 1041 Words

The Vision for Nursing is a Bright Nur/391 Sharon Berry Facilitator Arlene Leyba December 1, 2014 United ICN, the nurses of all nations speak with one voice. We speak as advocates for all those we serve, and for all the unserved, insisting that prevention, care and cure be the right of every human being. We are in the vanguard of health care progress, shaping health policy around the world through our expertise, the strength of our numbers, the alignment of our efforts, and our collaboration with the public and with other health professionals. This statement identifies for me my vision of our future. We will no longer be held solely to bedside practices. We are ever changing and evolving. In order to look to the†¦show more content†¦By documenting these visits and including the patients history they have the ability to connect with other providers and even the pharmacy all at one time this is a collaborative approach to care. Look at Telehealth it was started in rural communities we are now using this as a way to assist with controlling blood sugar and with frequent monitoring via computer and contacting the doctor right away instead of waiting for the clinic visit we are able to reduce the HBA1c’s of patient in the system. We are using computers for nursing notes. Who participated in the forms surely a nurse helped. There are multiple opportunities for nursing now and in the future our goal must include being proactive by continuing to support our nursing organizations and networking with one another. We must be steadfast in what we are doing today .We must send a message to our legislature that we are here and we are willing to take on the responsibility of what the ANA describes in provision 8 which states the nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public in promoting community , national, international efforts to meet health needs. And next 8.2 Responsibility to the public to be knowledgeable about the health status of the community and existing threats to health and safety. This includes our natural disasters and our threatsShow MoreRelatedThe Future of Nursing966 Words   |  4 PagesThe Future of Nursing In 2010 the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJK), a subsidiary of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), issued a report on nursing called, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, (http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursig-Leadership-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx). According to the IOM official website, (http://www.iom.edu/), â€Å"†¦the IOM provides independent, objective, evidence-based advice to policy makers, health professional, the private sectorRead MoreThe Future of Nursing999 Words   |  4 PagesFUTURE OF NURSING * SUTHA FERNANDO – DATE: 12-23-2012 GRAND CANYAN UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT The Institute of Medicine has thoroughly analyzed the Future of Nursing and submitted report. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is a nonprofit organization that works independently, provides unbiased and authoritative advice to general public as well as government. In this essay we would discuss about the significance of report and recommendations of IOM. In 2010 the IOM has advised the GovernmentRead MoreThe Future of Nursing940 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Future of Nursing Grand Canyon University Professional Dynamics NRS-430V The Future of Nursing Looking back over 150 years ago, the nursing profession has changed drastically. Even just the uniform of nurses changed from the white dresses with panty hose and a white cap to scrubs with pants. Here are a few other examples of change in the profession: â€Å"there was a time in the past when only physicians took blood pressures, performed phlebotomy and administered blood; andRead MoreThe Future of Nursing1402 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Future of Nursing Introduction ONE: Discuss the work of the Committee of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF)†¦that led to the IOM report, Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health†¦ The committee was led by former Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala, and was asked to create basically a blueprint for how the nursing profession can transform itself into a more potent and relevant force, Harvey V. Fineberg wrote (on page ix). The nursing committee wasRead MoreFuture of Nursing1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Future of Nursing July 14, 2013 The Future of Nursing According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the nursing profession is the largest population in the nation s health care workforce with over three million members. Because of this, nurses have a fundamental role in the transformation of the nation s rapidly changing health care environment. To achieve this role, the IOM addressed several key recommendations to serve as a guide to the direction of the future of nursing (InstituteRead MoreThe Future of Nursing1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe Future of Nursing Carrie Curell Grand Canyon University: NRS-430-0191 Professional Dynamics 02/23/2013 The Future of Nursing The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has researched how nursing as we know it will and is changing. They have written a report called â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health† that outlines the impact of these changes on education, nursing practice, and nurses as leaders and made recommendations on the necessary changes. Regarding the impact of educationRead MoreFuture of Nursing1378 Words   |  6 Pages2010 IOM report on the future of nursing 1. Running Head: PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING PROFESSIONALS Professional development of nursing professionals: 2010 IOM report on the future of nursing Awudu BraimahRead MoreThe Future of Nursing834 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Running head: The Future Nursing The Future Nursing The Future of Nursing The Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) will have a great effect on nursing. According to this article nursing will have to change it role in the ACA and the three main categories that need to be changed and redeveloped is transforming practice, education and leadership. â€Å"The ACA outlines some new health care arrangements, and with these structures will come new opportunities for new rolesRead MoreThe Future of Nursing1181 Words   |  5 PagesThe Future of Nursing Grand Canyon University NRS-440V 3.24.13 Introduction This paper will discuss various aspect of the future of health care focusing on the future of how nursing will play an ever-important role in the reformation of health care. Presentation regarding, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the future of nursing, at the Institute of Medicine report entitled, â€Å"Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health,† will help set the stage for this paper. DiscussionRead MoreEssay on The Future of Nursing689 Words   |  3 PagesThe Future of Nursing Ami Randall July 24, 2010 Upon considering the past and future of nursing, many changes have already taken place, and even larger changes are expected. With the recent rate of technological development, the heath care system is certain to follow in its advances at nearly the same pace. Many predictions for the future of medicine are based on computerized technology. The use of telemonitoring, video and â€Å"smart houses† are already being used by some companies today, and

The Effects of Wolf Predation Free Essays

Abstract: This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolf predation on prey populations of large ungulates. The four proposed hypotheses examined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis. There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses can be used to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Wolf Predation or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was concluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but that more research is necessary to account for multiple predator – multiple prey relationships. The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecological organization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affect virtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be defined as when members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. The specific type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involves carnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects on the interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effects of these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, and statistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as a whole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Such limitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to some individuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also act as a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explain many evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species. The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to be controversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed to describe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation. Some of the proposed mechanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess the empirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of the four hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulate population densities. The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factor that limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuations occur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does not return to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limiting hypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might apply to one prey – one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts that losses of prey due to predation will be large enough to halt prey population increase. Many studies support the hypothesis that predation limits prey density. Bergerud et al. (1983) concluded from their study of the interrelations of wolves and moose in the Pukaskwa National Park that wolf predation limited, and may have caused a decline in, the moose population, and that if wolves were eliminated, the moose population would increase until limited by some other regulatory factor, such as food availability. However, they go on to point out that this upper limit will not be sustainable, but will eventually lead to resource depletion and population decline. Seip (1992) found that high wolf predation on caribou in the Quesnel Lake area resulted in a decline in the population, while low wolf predation in the Wells Gray Provincial Park resulted in a slowly increasing population. Wolf predation at the Quesnel Lake area remained high despite a fifty percent decline in the caribou population, indicating that mortality due to predation was not density-dependent within this range of population densities. Dale et al. (1994), in their study of wolves and caribou in Gates National Park and Preserve, showed that wolf predation can be an important limiting factor at low caribou population densities, and may have an anti-regulatory effect. They also state that wolf predation may affect the distribution and abundance of caribou populations. Bergerud and Ballard (1988), in their interpretation of the Nelchina caribou herd case history, said that during and immediately following a reduction in the wolf population, calf recruitment increased, which should result in a future caribou population increase. Gasaway et al. (1983) also indicated that wolf predation can sufficiently increase the rate of mortality in a prey population to preventthe population’s increase. Even though there has been much support of this hypothesis, Boutin (1992) suggests that â€Å"there is little doubt that predation is a limiting factor, but in cases where its magnitude has been measured, it is no greater than other factors such as hunting.† A second hypothesis about the effects of wolf predation is the predation regulating hypothesis, which proposes that predation regulates prey densities around a low-density equilibrium. This hypothesis fits an equilibrium model, and assumes that following deviation, prey populations return to their pre-existing equilibrium levels. This predator regulating hypothesis proposes that predation is a density-dependent mechanism affecting low to intermediate prey densities, and a density-independent mechanism at high prey densities. Some research supports predation as a regulating mechanism. Messier (1985), in a study of moose near Quebec, Canada, draws the conclusion that wolf-ungulate systems, if regulated naturally, stabilize at low prey and low predator population densities. In Messier’s (1994) later analysis, based on twenty-seven studies where moose were the dominant prey species of wolves, he determined that wolf predation can be density-dependent at the lower range of moose densities. This result demonstrates that predation is capable of regulating ungulate populations. Even so, according to Boutin (1992) more studies are necessary, particularly at high moose densities, to determine if predation is regulatory. A third proposal to model the effects of wolf predation on prey populations is the predator pit hypothesis. This hypothesis is a multiple equilibria model. It proposes that predation regulates prey densities around a low-density equilibrium. The prey population can then escape this regulation once prey densities pass a certain threshold. Once this takes place, the population reaches an upper equilibrium. At this upper equilibrium, the prey population densities are regulated by competition for (and or availability of) food. This predator pit hypothesis assumes that predator losses are density-dependent at low prey densities, but inversely density-dependent at high prey densities. Van Ballenberghe (1985) states that wolf population regulation is needed when a caribou herd population declines and becomes trapped in a predator pit, wherein predators are able to prevent caribou populations from increasing. The final model that attempts to describe the effects of predation on prey populations is the stable limit cycle hypothesis. This hypothesis proposes that vulnerability of prey to predation depends on past environmental conditions. According to this theory, individuals of a prey population born under unfavorable conditions are more vulnerable to predation throughout their adult lives than those born under favorable conditions. This model would produce time lags between the proliferation of the predator and the prey populations, in effect generating recurring cycles. Boutin (1992) states that if this hypothesis is correct, the effects of food availability (or the lack of) should be more subtle than outright starvation. Relatively severe winters could have long- term effects by altering growth, production, and vulnerability. Thompson and Peterson (1988) reported that there are no documented cases of wolf predation imposing a long-term limit on ungulate populations independent of environmental influences. They also point out that summer moose calf mortality was high whether predators were present or not, and that snow conditions during the winter affected the vulnerability of calves to predation. Messier (1994) asserts that snow accumulation during consecutive winters does not create a cumulative impact on the nutritional status of deer and moose. All of the four proposed theories mentioned above could describe the interrelationships between the predation of wolves and their usual north american prey of large ungulate species. There has been ample evidence presented in the primary research literature to support any one of the four potential models. The predation limiting hypothesis seems to enjoy wide popular support, and seems to most accurately describe most of the trends observed in predator-prey populations. Most researchers seem to think that more specific studies need to be conducted to find an ideal model of the effects of predation. Bergerud and Ballard (1988) stated â€Å"A simple numbers argument regarding prey:predator ratios overlooks the complexities in multi-predator-prey systems that can involve surplus killing, additive predation between predators, enhancement and interference between predator species, switch over between prey species, and a three-fold variation in food consumption rates by wolves.† Dale et al. (1994) stated that further knowledge of the factors affecting prey switching, such as density-dependent changes in vulnerability within and between prey species, and further knowledge of wolf population response is needed to draw any firm conclusions. Boutin (1992) also proposed that the full impact of predation has seldom been measured because researchers have concentrated on measuring losses of prey to wolves only. Recently, bear predation on moose calves has been found to be substantial, but there are few studies which examine this phenomenon (Boutin 1992). Messier (1994) also pointed out that grizzly and black bears may be important predators of moose calves during the summer. Seip (1992), too, states that bear predation was a significant cause of adult caribou mortality. These points emphasize that multiple-predator and multiple-prey systems are probably at work in the natural environment, and we must not over generalize a one predator – one prey hypothesis in the attempt to interpret the overall trends of the effects of predation of wolves on large ungulate populations. How to cite The Effects of Wolf Predation, Papers

Ruya free essay sample

This case describes and presents the problems faced by Mr.. Rutland, Professor of History at the University of Virginia and founder of the National Jazz Hall of Fame (NJ), In his attempts to gain national recognition for the organization. The NJ has achieved moderate success at a local level but has not attracted the needed national recognition. Basically the NJ was established to maintain a jazz museum in an old Paramount theatre. For doing that he needed funding around 600 000$.In addition o this problem, there are other organizations attempting to form a National Jazz Hall of Fame. Mr.. Rutland is faced with the dilemma of whether to abandon this project or to use some marketing strategies to help succeed. Mr. . Rutland engaged an independent consultant to answer these questions who conducted two national surveys and provided recommendations based on the survey results. SUMMARY OF THE CASE Text Box: Louis Armstrongs is a popular type of music which combines Black Spirituals, African Rhythms, and Cajun music. We will write a custom essay sample on Ruya or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It began In New Orleans In early sasss ND traveled to SST.Lolls, Kansas City, and Memphis, Chicago and New York and these cities musicians developed local styles of Jazz. Over the years different sounds emerged-swing, big band, bebop, fusion and others. So, according to LOUIS Armstrongs, Jazz Is, If you have to ask what Jazz Is, youll never know. The origin of NJ comes from a local Landmark of Charlottesville, the citys historic district, the Paramount theatre. The Paramount was constructed in sasss used as performance centre and movie theatre. In sasss It was In danger of dilapidated, In ERM of saving Mr..Rutland established a Jazz Hall of fame- that would be used as a museum and performance center capitalize on the theaters name. NJ was incorporated by Mr.. Rutland and his several friends in Charlottesville. They formed board of directors in early 1983. The NJ National Advisory board was consisted of Benny Goodman and Chick Corer. The purpose of NJ was * to establish and maintain a museum, archives and concert centre in Charlottesville to sponsor Jazz festivals, workshop and scholarships and * Text Box: Benny Goodman 1 OFF educating the public on the importance of Jazz in American culture and history.Mr.. Rutland and The board of directors were faced with three difficulties in their fist years effort. 1 . Philanthropic organization refused to make grant because none of the directors were experienced in project like NJ. 2. Government agencies such as National Endowment for the Arts and National Endowment for the Humanities considered only organization in operation for at least two years. 3. Mid 1983, they discovered that to save paramount at least $600,000 would be needed. Best part of 1st years effort was.